Theories models and frameworks collection

From our 'Getting started...' webpage

Theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) can be useful before you begin implementation (for guiding the process), during implementation (for real-time adjustments), and after implementation (for evaluation). They can help you to understand what you expect to happen and what contextual factors you need to measure. It can be as simple as developing a driver diagram, or as complex as mapping out multiple interacting systems. 

Typically… 

  • Theories explain “why” (broad, tested explanations). 
  • Models show “how” (simplified representations).  
  • Frameworks provide structure (conceptual outlines). 

Recommended reading: 

  • Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks (Nilsen, 2015) – click here 
  • Ten recommendations for using implementation frameworks in research and practice (Moullin et al. 2020) – click here 

To find out how to get started with implementation research, click here.

From our Fundamentals Programme

We continue with understanding the varied functions of theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) in the implementation research process. 

In this lecture from our Fundamentals Programme, Pilvikki Absetz outlines the different functions that TMFs can fulfil in implementation research, key similarities and differences, and guidance for selecting a TMF for your project. 

🔗 Download the slides (pdf) 

Next, Pilvikki Absetz continues with a lecture exploring TMFs relevant to behaviour change and how to apply them in practice. 

🔗 Download the slides (pdf) 

For more information and to access the full Fundamentals Programme click here.

From our Advanced Programme

Next, we move on to highlight key aspects of choosing and using TMFs within the context of implementing NCD programmes at scale. 

Abhijit Nadkarni explains the uses of frameworks for studying scale up and introduces five key examples. Abhijit then covers key commonalities across the scale up frameworks and considerations to make in the context of NCD programmes. 

🔗 Download the slides (pdf) 

Next, three speakers – Urvita Bhatia, Yashi Gandhi, and Praveen Pradeep – walk us through the process of adapting established implementation science TMFs to a scale up setting. 

🔗 Download the slides (pdf) 

For more information and to access the full Advanced Programme, click here.

Video case studies from across our online programmes

In this section, we provide a selection of valuable video case studies to help deepen your understanding and application of theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) across a diverse array of implementation research projects. 

Firstly, you will hear from Kavita Singh, who speaks about applying the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (commonly referred to simply as ‘CFIR’) in a project in India. 

🔗 Download the slides (pdf) 

Next, Jaap Koot describes using the RE-AIM framework to evaluate a project addressing hypertension and diabetes in Vietnam, Myanmar, and Indonesia. 

🔗 Download the slides (pdf) 

Lastly, Kavumpurathu Thankappan describes how TMFs were applied when scaling up the Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program. 

🔗 Download the slides (pdf) 

From our Resources and toolkit library

In this final section, we provide a selection of resources relevant to theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) for implementation research. These resources are designed to support your work in understanding and applying TMFs effectively. 

Below, you’ll find links to toolkits and publications that offer practical guidance and methodologies for choosing, adapting, and applying TMFs. 

D&I Models in Health Web Tool 

🔗 Click here 

This is an interactive web tool to guide researchers on using dissemination and implementation (“D&I”) models, including tutorials and advanced searches. 

Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) website 

🔗 Click here 

This site is created for individuals considering using the CFIR to evaluate an implementation or design an implementation study. 

RE-AIM and PRISM website 

🔗 Click here 

RE-AIM and PRISM guide users to plan, implement, evaluate, and sustain programs with contextual factors in mind, increasing equity and public health relevance. 

Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) website 

🔗 Click here 

This site was created to explain and support the EPIS Framework and provides resources for using EPIS including measures and tools (e.g., worksheets, guides). 

The behaviour change wheel (Michie et al. 2011) 

🔗 Click here 

This publication outlines how interventions and policies to change behaviour can be usefully characterised by a ‘Behaviour Change Wheel’ comprising a behaviour system, encircled by intervention functions and policy categories. 

ExpandNet Scaling Up Framework website 

🔗 Click here 

ExpandNet developed a framework to systematically analyse and support necessary actions for sustainable scale up. This framework grew out of a comprehensive review of literature and experience of ExpandNet members. 

To access our curated implementation science resources, click here.

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